Na príčiny inflácie existuje viacero rôznych pohľadov. Najrozšírenejšia teória je neoklasická monetárna teória, ktorá hovorí, že inflácia je spôsobená zvýšenou ponukou peňazí, ktoré do ekonomiky často dolieva vláda svojou spotrebou, ale monetárnou politikou centrálnej banky.
Medzi ďalšie významné teórie snažiace sa vysvetliť infláciu patria:
Ekonomická teória rakúskej školy, ktorá infláciu definuje ako zvýšenie ponuky peňazí(teda len ako rast cien spôsobený týmto zásahom) a teda príčinou je hospodárenie vlády a centrálnej banky.
Neokeynesiánska teória, ktorá tvrdí, že inflácia je výsledkom klesajúcej návratnosti produktivity.
Neoklasická monetárna teória
Medzi najrozšírenejšie teórie vysvetľujúce príčiny inflácie patrí neoklasická monetárna téoria. Hovorí, že teória inflácie je spôsobená rýchlejším tempom rastu ponuky peňazí, než ekonomický rast. V praxi je možné toto porovanie realizovať pomocou podielu deflátoru HDP so zmenou v ponuke peňazí.
Príčinou je teda nerovnováha v ekonomike spôsobená: emisiou prebytočného množstva peňazí zaostávaním výroby tovarov za rastom kúpyschopného dopytu prílev tovaru bez odbytu na trhu.
Emisia prebytočného množstva peňazí
Jednou z príčin inflácie je rast fyzického objemu peňazí v ekonomike. Inak povedané, čím viac peňazí je do ekonomiky vpustených, tým viac je ich potrebné, aby mali rovnakú reálnu hodnotu (teda aby sme si za ne mohli kúpiť veci rovnakej hodnoty). Množstvo peňazí v ekonomike reguluje prostredníctvom menovej politiky centrálna banka každého štátu. Výrazne ho môže ovplyvniť aj vláda svojou spotrebou.
Rakúska škola
Rakúska škola ekonómov definuje infláciu ako „zvýšenie ponuky peňazí“. Rozlišuje medzi rastom cien spôsobených zvýšením ponuky peňazí (len tento rast nazýva inflácia) a prirodzenými zmenami cien, napríklad z dôvodu vyššieho dopytu (takéto zmeny táto teória neoznačuje ako infláciu). Preto, z pohľadu ekonómov Rakúskej školy, je jednoduché zastaviť infláciu: stačí prestať vytvárať nové peniaze.
Podľa ekonómov Rakúskej školy, ak sa nezmenia ďalšie ekonomické faktory, inflácia spôsobí rast cien, ale určiť presne ktoré ceny budú ovplyvnené a v akej miere závisí od toho ako boli novo vytvorené peniaze zavedené do systému.
Neokeynesiánska teória
Podľa neokeynesiánskej teórie existujú tri hlavné druhy inflácie, ktoré spolu tvoria „trojuholníkový model“:
Dopytová inflácia je spôsobená zvýšeným dopytom a nízkou nezamestnanosťou. Často býva označovaná ako inflácia Phillipsovej krivky.
Nákladová inflácia: vzniká kvôli zvýšeniu dopytu alebo zníženiu ponuky materiálnych statkov, napríklad zemného plynu, ropy alebo železa.
Štrukturálna inflácia: vzniká kvôli „cenovo-platovej špirále“. Tá hovorí o tom, že pracujúci sa snažia získať vyšší plat, čím ich zamestnávatelia následne musia zvýšiť ceny tovarov, aby pokryli vyššie náklady na pracovnú silu. Cenovo-platová špirála je podporovaná skúsenosťami s rastom cien v minulosti a následnými očakávaniami podobného rastu v budúcnosti.
Európske nariadenie GDPR sa týka nás všetkých
Nové nariadenie GDPR z roku 2018 zaviedlo na Slovensku predovšetkým jednotnú právnu úpravu ochrany osobných údajov v celej EÚ. Sprísnili sa pravidlá spracovania osobných údajov občanov EU a zvýšili sa dramaticky sankcie. Rozšírila sa aj teritoriálna pôsobnosť, tzn. že sa začala uplatňovať na európske organizácie a aj na organizácie, ktoré nie sú usadené v EÚ, ak ponúkajú služby dotknutým fyzickým osobám v EÚ. Neváhajte ak nemáte ešte ošetrené GDPR nariadenie vo vašej spoločnosti a nechajte si vypracovať GDPR dokumentáciu u outsourcingovej spoločnosti SAFEDATA. Firma Safedata.sk vypracovala viac ako tisícky dokumentácií pre spoločnosti na celom Slovensku.
Zložením týchto troch faktorov možno podľa neokeynesiánskej teórie vysvetliť infláciu a jej výšku.
Phillipsova krivka
Phillipsova krivka zobrazuje vzťah medzi infláciou (len dopytovou zložkou inflácie) a nezamestnanosťou. Podľa keynesiánskej teórie cenová stabilita bola nepriamo úmerná od nezamestnanosti. Preto bola istá úroveň inflácie požadovaná, aby klesla nezamestnanosť. Phillpsova krivka dokázala dobre opísať vývoj v USA v 60-tych rokoch 20. storočia, ale stagnácia v 70-tych rokoch 20. storočia a hospodársky rast v Reaganovom období ju definitívne odpísali ako chybný model. Dnes sa Phillipsova krivka mierne upravila a namiesto inflácie sa začala na jednu z osí grafu nanášať zmena inflácie.
Model, ktorý opisuje Phillipsova krivka hovorí o tom, že zvýšenie dopytu znamená vyššie ceny, čo vedie k tomu, že môže pracovať viac ľudí, čo znamená opäť vyšší dopyt. Teda, ak klesne nezamestnanosť, pracuje viac ľudí, zvýši sa dopyt, čo vedie k vyššej inflácii.
Neokeynesiánska teória dnes
V dnešnej dobe neokeynesiánsku teóriu zastáva okrajová časť ekonómov. Viacero jej predpokladov bolo empiricky vyvrátených, napríklad Phillpsova krivka nedokázala opísať ekonomické zmeny v 80-tych rokoch v USA, keď klesla inflácia a zároveň klesla nezamestnanosť.
2. z hľadiska príčin vzniku: Dopytová inflácia Nákladová inflácia (teoretická inflácia)
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