Ďalší smer, ktorý nasledoval po fyziokratoch sa nazýval Klasická ekonómia alebo klasická politická ekonómia. Bola to škola ekonomického myslenia približne od polovice alebo konca 18. storočia do 70. rokov 19. storočia najmä v Spojenom kráľovstve, menej vo Francúzsku, Taliansku a USA, čiastočne v nemeckých krajinách a Rakúskej monarchii.
Podľa mnohých zdrojov je obdobie klasickej ekonómie vlastne obdobím, v ktorom vznikla ekonómia ako (samostatná a štruktúrovaná) veda. V angličtine sa v tomto období ešte nepoužíval výraz ekonómia (economics) ale len „politická ekonómia“, v nemeckej jazykovej oblasti (vrátane Slovenska) – kde však skôr prevládala zmes klasickej ekonómie a iných ekonomických škôl – sa od začiatku 19. storočia používal aj výraz „národná ekonómia“ (Nationalökonomie) resp. trochu neskôr aj „náuka o národnom hospodárstve“ (Volkswirtschaftlehre).
Medzi predstaviteľov tohto smeru patria A. Smith, D. Ricardo, W. Petty, J. B. Say. J. S. Mill.
Každý z týchto predstaviteľov veľkou mierou prispel k rozvoju a napredovaniu ekonómie ako vedy.
Zakladatelia klasickej ekonómie
Smith bol synom colného úradníka. Jeho otec Adam Smith zomrel približne šesť mesiacov pred Smithovým narodením. Keď mal 4 roky, uniesla ho skupina cigánov. Strýko sa ho vybral hľadať a čoskoro ho vrátil jeho matke, Margaret Douglasovej. Smithov životopisec, John Rae, túto príhodu sarkasticky okomentoval, že Smith by bol veľmi mizerný cigán.
A. Smith je všeobecne nazývaný ako “otec ekonómie“ Jeho dielo “Pojednanie o podstate a pôvode bohatstva národov“ aj pod skráteným názvom „Bohatstvo národov“ (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations) je považované za základ klasickej ekonómie.
V západnom svete je to pravdepodobne najvýznamnejšia kniha o ekonómii, ktorá bola kedy publikovaná. Táto kniha sa stala klasickým manifestom proti merkantilizmu. V dobe jej vydania panovala v Británii aj Amerike silná podpora myšlienky voľného obchodu. Tento nový postoj sa zrodil z ekonomicých ťažkostí a chudoby spôsobenej americkou vojnou za nezávislosť.
Napriek tomu v tom čase o výhodách voľného obchodu ešte zďaleka neboli presvedčení všetci- Britská verejnosť a parlament ešte po mnoho nasledujúcich rokov lipli na merkantilizme pretože mali rozsiahle kolónie po celom svete a nechceli meniť zabehnutý systém, nezabúdajme že Smith preferoval slobodu podnikania a vlastníctva a otroctvo do toho moc nezapadalo.
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Za podstatu fungovania trhovej ekonomiky Smith pokladal slobodu človeka, slobodu vlastníctva a podnikania. Smith nesúhlasil s názorom fyziokratov, že zdrojom bohatstva je jedine pôda ale že hodnotu tovaru dotvára aj práca vynaložená pri jeho výrobe. Ako príklad si môžeme uviesť prácu drevorubača. Ten vyrúbe strom a napíli ho, čo tvorí cenu stromu.
Tento strom potom kúpi stolár, ktorý chce z neho vyrobiť stôl. Pri predaji hotového stola bude už cena opäť navýšená o hodnotu práce, ktorú vykonal stolár.
Smithove diela sa stali východiskom pre kritiku kapitalizmu najmä v dielach Marxa a humanistických ekonómov.
David Ricardo – nemal špeciálne ekonomické vzdelanie. Jeho školou bol praktický život na burze, ako burzový maklér kráčal v stopách jeho otca. Dosiahol veľké finančné úspechy a patril k najbohatším ľudom v Anglicku. je autorom teórie komparatívnych výhod, táto teória vysvetľuje, že každá krajina môže získať bohatstvo ak sa zameria na vývoz tých tovarov, ktoré môže doma vyrobiť s čo najmenšími nákladmi a dokáže ich vyvážať s čo najväčšou efektivitou.
Ricardo je taktiež autorom tzv. železného zákona miezd, ktorý hovorí, že mzda robotníka sa skladá z 2 častí: mzdy a zisku.
Mzda je plat za prácu, ktorú robotník vykonal na výrobe výrobku a zisk predstavuje tú nezaplatenú časť robotníkovej práce, ktorú si privlastní podnikateľ po predaní výrobku. Pre lepšie pochopenie si môžeme znázorniť túto teóriu na jednoduchom príklade.
Robotníka vyrobí stoličku za 10 pracovných hodín, ktoré má zaplatené sumou 20eur. Hodnota stoličky je po prirátaní nákladov povedzme 100 eur. Podnikateľ ale predáva stoličku za 300eur.
Rozdiel medzi predávanou sumou a hodnotou pravou hodnotou stoličky tvorí tzv. nezaplatenú časť robotníkovej práce.
Ďalší, kto prispel svojimi myšlienkami k rozvoju klasickej ekonómie bol J. S. Say, ktorý vypracoval tzv. Sayov zákon. Ten hovorí, že ponuka si automaticky vytvára dopyt a rozsah trhu je úmerný rozsahu výroby.
W. Petty bol autorom diela “Pracovná teória hodnoty“, v ktorom vysvetľoval pojmy
ako cena, mzda, renta, úrok. Petty považoval za zdroj bohatstva spoločnosti v obehu a vo výrobe.
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